Contrasting yield responses at varying levels of shade suggest different suitability of crops for dual land-use systems: a meta-analysis

Abstract Despite the large body of research surrounding crop growth parameters, there is still a lack systematic assessments on how harvestable yields different types respond to varying levels shading. However, with advent agrivoltaic systems, technology that combines energy and food production, shade tolerance cropping systems becoming increasingly important. To address this gap, meta-analysis data from two experimental approaches (intercropping artificial shading cloths, nets or solar panels) was performed. The aim quantitatively assess susceptibility temperate increasing Crop type specific yield response curves were developed as function reduction in radiation, estimating relative compared unshaded controls. Only studies reported radiation per area subtropical areas included. results suggested nonlinear relationship between achieved for all types. Most crops tolerate reduced up 15%, showing less than proportional decline. significant differences following existed: Berries, fruits fruity vegetables benefited 30%. Forages, leafy vegetables, tubers/root crops, C 3 cereals initially showed loss. In contrast, maize grain legumes experienced strong losses even at low levels. provide set initial indicators may be used assessing suitability thus other dual land-use systems. Detailed curves, provided by study, are valuable tools optimizing output annual components these